Hernia surgery is a procedure performed to repair a weakness or opening in the abdominal wall through which internal tissues, such as intestine or fat, may protrude. This condition, commonly referred to as a hernia, often presents as a bulge under the skin that may increase in size with coughing, straining, or prolonged standing. Surgical repair involves returning the displaced tissues to their proper position and reinforcing the abdominal wall, typically with sutures and, in many cases, a synthetic mesh.

Hernia surgery may be recommended for a variety of reasons. Most often, it is performed when a hernia causes discomfort, increases in size, or poses a risk of complications such as strangulation—when the blood supply to the protruding tissue is compromised. Surgery may also be advised for hernias that do not produce symptoms but are at risk of worsening over time.

There are two main approaches to hernia repair: open surgery and laparoscopic (minimally invasive) surgery. In open surgery, a single incision is made directly over the hernia site to allow access and repair. In laparoscopic surgery, several small incisions are made, and a tiny camera and instruments are inserted to perform the repair under video guidance. The choice of technique depends on the type and location of the hernia, the patient’s overall health, and the surgeon’s recommendation.

During surgery, any herniated tissue is gently repositioned into the abdomen. If the tissue is healthy, it is left in place; if it is compromised, it may need to be removed. The abdominal wall is then reinforced to prevent recurrence. In most cases, a mesh is placed to add strength to the area and support healing.